Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology Online
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Index
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- AAADC (aromatic amino acid decarboxylase), ,
- AAB-001,
- “able stabilizers”, ,
- ABT089,
- abuse,
- acamprosate,
- actions, in ventral tegmental area (VTA),
- for alcohol dependency,
- in combos for bipolar disorder,
- icon,
- ACC-001,
- acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA), as acetylcholine precursor,
- acetylcholine (ACh), ,
- in arousal pathways, ,
- and arousal spectrum, ,
- and blocked dopamine receptors,
- overactivity,
- production, ,
- projections, ,
- via basal forebrain,
- psychotropic drugs and, , , ,
- reciprocal relationship with dopamine,
- and reward, ,
- termination of action,
- for treating nicotine dependence,
- vesicular transporter for,
- acetylcholine-linked mechanisms,
- acetylcholine neurotransmitter,
- as psychotropic drug target, ,
- acetylcholine receptors, TCA and,
- acetylcholine transporters, ,
- acetylcholinesterase (AChE), , , ,
- donepezil to inhibit,
- galantamine to inhibit,
- rivastigmine to inhibit,
- ACh. See acetylcholine (ACh)
- ACP 103,
- ACP-104, ,
- ACR16,
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), ,
- actin, ,
- action potential, , ,
- control over firing,
- encoding of,
- ionic components of,
- activity-dependent nociception,
- acute pain,
- neuropathic pain,
- activity-dependent spine formation, by estradiol,
- acute pain, , ,
- vs. chronic,
- acute stress reaction,
- Adapin. See doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin)
- adaptive states,
- adatanserin,
- addiction, , . See also substance abuse
- nicotine and, ,
- overvalued reward in,
- adenosine, ,
- adenylate cyclase, binding to G protein,
- ADHD. See attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- adhesion molecules,
- and neuronal migration,
- adipose tissue, insulin resistance in, ,
- adolescence
- aggressiveness in,
- antidepressants for,
- brain restructuring in, , ,
- mania in,
- removal of synaptic connections, ,
- risperidone for treating psychotic disorders,
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ,
- affective blunting,
- affective disorders, . See also mood disorders
- stress-induced, novel treatments,
- affective flattening, as SSRI side effect,
- affective spectrum disorders, ,
- norepinephrine and,
- pain in,
- “affective storms”, in children,
- affective symptoms
- dorsal vs. ventral regulation,
- mesolimbic dopamine pathway role in,
- multiple disorders impacting,
- pharmacy, ,
- in schizophrenia, shared with other disorders,
- afferent neurons, peripheral, neuropathic pain and,
- age. See also adolescence children elderly
- synapse formation by,
- aggressive symptom pharmacy, ,
- aggressiveness, ,
- in dementia patients,
- multiple disorders impacting,
- in schizophrenic patients,
- Agilect/Azilect (rasaligine),
- for Parkinson’s disease,
- aging. See also elderly
- erectile dysfunction and,
- hippocampus sensitivity to, ,
- normal,
- and synapse loss,
- agitation,
- benzodiazepines for,
- in dementia patients,
- agnosia,
- agomelatine (Valdoxan), , ,
- icon,
- agonists
- absence of, ,
- actions on ion channel,
- antagonist acting in presence of,
- and G protein-linked receptor, ,
- impact on ligand-gated ion channels,
- spectrum,
- and receptor conformation,
- agoraphobia, in children,
- agranulocytosis, clozapine and,
- akathisia
- from aripiprazole,
- nigrostrial pathway dopamine deficiencies and,
- from paroxetine withdrawal,
- from SSRIs,
- alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASC-T), glial,
- alcohol
- actions
- on reward circuits,
- in ventral tegmental area (VTA),
- consumption, vs. sleepiness,
- dependency/abuse
- by ADHD patients,
- social anxiety and,
- treatment, ,
- GABA-A receptor binding to,
- heavy drinking
- vs. reduced-risk,
- will power to reduce,
- icon,
- probability of dependence,
- reduced-risk drinking,
- and reward,
- alcoholics, smoking by,
- aldehyde dehydrogenase,
- alertness,
- loss
- bupropion for,
- as SSRI side effect,
- allodynia, , , ,
- allosteric modulation, , ,
- alogia, ,
- alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
- atypical antipsychotic agents and,
- and sedation,
- TCA and, ,
- alpha 1 antagonist, for posttraumatic stress disorder,
- alpha-1 receptor, antagonism,
- alpha 1 selective hypnotics,
- alpha-1 unit, ,
- alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, atypical antipsychotic agents and,
- alpha 2 antagonists,
- icon,
- and norepinephrine,
- and serotonin,
- as serotonin norepinephrine disinhibitors, ,
- alpha 2 delta ligands, ,
- for anxiety disorders,
- binding of,
- for chronic pain,
- in dorsal horn,
- for fibromyalgia,
- and pain gate,
- potential therapeutic effects,
- alpha-2 delta protein,
- gabapentin and pregabalin binding to,
- alpha-2 delta unit,
- alpha 2 receptors
- on axon terminal,
- blockade of,
- somatodendritic, ,
- alpha 2A agonists,
- mechanism of action,
- alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,
- alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic receptors, ,
- reinforcement and,
- alpha-7-nicotinic cholinergic agonists,
- alpha 7 nicotinic cholinergic receptors,
- alpha amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, ,
- synapses with,
- alpha APP,
- alpha heliz,
- alpha-L-glutamyl transferace,
- alpha pore
- of voltage-sensitive calcium channels,
- of voltage-sensitive sodium channels,
- anticonvulsant binding,
- alpha secretase,
- alpha subunit, ,
- alprazolam (Xanax),
- and CYP 450 3A4,
- and sedation,
- alprostadil,
- ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
- excitotoxicity and,
- riluzole for,
- Alzheimer’s disease, ,
- amyloid cascade hypothesis,
- Aβ42 oligomer interference with synaptic function, ,
- Aβ42 production,
- inflammation from plaque formation,
- neuronal dysfunction and loss,
- tangle formation,
- amyloid plaques in,
- Apo-E protein and, ,
- cholinergic deficiency,
- cholinesterase inhibitors
- best responders, ,
- donepezil, ,
- galantamine,
- palliative responders,
- rivastigmine, ,
- tacrine,
- treatment outcomes,
- usual responders,
- clinical features,
- cognitive symptoms,
- excitotoxicity and, , ,
- expected exponential increase,
- familial cases early onset,
- folate for depression,
- glutamate hypothesis of cognitive deficiency, ,
- identifying at presymptomatic/prodromal stage,
- neurofibrillary tangles in,
- problems with studies of,
- symptom pattern onset,
- symptomatic treatments in development,
- symptoms shared with schizophrenia, , ,
- treatment, ,
- untreated time course,
- amantadine,
- for bipolar disorder,
- icon,
- mechanism of action
- on GABA, glutamate, sigma, and dopamine,
- VSSCs, synaptic vesicles, and carbonic anhydrase,
- possible actions in bipolar disorder,
- putative clinical actions,
- amenorrhea, ,
- American College of Rheumatology, criteria for fibromyalgia,
- American Psychiatric Association,
- amibegron,
- amines,
- d-amino acid oxidase (DAO),
- amino acid transporters,
- inhibitory,
- amino acids,
- to close VSSC,
- for ligand-gated ion channels,
- regulation of calcium channels,
- in voltage-gated ion channels,
- amisulpride, ,
- and cardiometabolic risk,
- clinical actions of,
- and diabetes,
- for negative symptoms in schizophrenia,
- pharmacological icon,
- and QTc prolongation,
- amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep, Tryptizol, Loroxyl), , ,
- amnesia,
- amotivational syndrome,
- amoxapine (Asendin), ,
- AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-priopionic acid) glutamate receptors, ,
- glutamate at,
- and synaptogenesis,
- AMPA-kines,
- amphetamines, , , ,
- action
- in ADHD,
- MAO inhibitors with,
- and dopamine displacement,
- and dopamine release,
- dopamine transporter (DAT) and, , ,
- icon,
- with MAOIs, and hypertension,
- pharmacological actions,
- VMAT transport fo,
- for wakefulness, ,
- amygdala,
- activation,
- by VMPFC,
- and anxiety/fear,
- and avoidance,
- beta-3 receptors in,
- connection with locus coeruleus,
- and depressed mood,
- and emotional learning,
- and fear neurobiology,
- and fearful faces,
- impact on suicidal ideation,
- information processing
- and depressed mood,
- serotonin and,
- manic episode symptoms linked to,
- noradrenergic receptor simulation in,
- overactive circuits,
- regulating anxiety in,
- response to emotional input,
- and schizophrenia symptoms,
- serotonin and fear processing by,
- amylin,
- amyloid, and glutamate steady leak,
- amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease, ,
- neuronal dysfunction and loss,
- amyloid plaques,
- in Alzheimer’s disease,
- and glutamate excitotoxicity,
- and glutamate release,
- treatment development to act on,
- amyloid precursor protein (APP),
- processing into Aβ peptides
- processing into soluble peptides,
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- excitotoxicity and,
- riluzole for,
- Anafranil. See clomipramine (Anafranil)
- analgesics,
- probability of dependence,
- anandamide, , ,
- anatomic G protein-linked receptors,
- anatomically addressed nervous system,
- neurodevelopment in,
- “angel dust”,
- anhedonia, ,
- anorexia, fluoxetine for,
- antagonists, ,
- acting alone,
- acting in presence of inverse agonist,
- acting in presence of partial agonist,
- action in presence of agonists,
- vs. inverse agonist,
- inverse agonist action reversed by,
- for ligand-gated ion channels,
- vs. partial agonists,
- presynaptic,
- anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ,
- anterograde motor,
- localization of,
- anterograde transport,
- fast,
- antiaptotic receptors (TrkA),
- anticholinergic agents
- D2 antagonism and,
- side effects,
- anticholinergic effects, from diphenhydramine (Benadryl),
- anticonvulsants, ,
- carbamazepine (Equetro),
- as mood stabilizers,
- gabapentin,
- lamotrigine, ,
- levetiracetam,
- oxcarbazepine/eslicarbazepine,
- pregabalin,
- riluzole,
- topiramate,
- zonisamide,
- sodium channels as action site,
- valproic acid, . See also specific agents
- antidepressant “poop out”,
- antidepressants. See also heroic combos serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- allosteric site for binding,
- bipolar depression response to,
- brain MAO-A inhibition for efficacy,
- in clinical practice,
- cost-based algorithm, ,
- evidence-based algorithm,
- evidence-based selections,
- reduced positive affect vs. increased negative affect,
- selection process,
- symptom-based algorithm,
- symptom-based selection, ,
- clinical trials,
- combinations for major depressive disorder,
- combinations for unipolar depression,
- continuation,
- CYP450 2D6 impact on plasma levels,
- delay in relief from depression,
- in development,
- targeting neurokinins,
- targeting novel sites of action,
- effectiveness in clinical practice,
- enhancement of serotonin and/or norepinephrine,
- general principles, ,
- impact on mixed states of depression and mania,
- increase in monoamines,
- interaction with MAOIs,
- interference with slow-wave sleep,
- “intramolecular polypharmacy” of,
- manic or hypmanic episode on,
- L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) and,
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), ,
- monoamine transporters as targets,
- and neurogenesis in hippocampus,
- norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), , , . See also norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
- over life cycle, ,
- pharmacokinetics,
- prior responses to, and bipolar diagnosis,
- putative mechanisms,
- response rates,
- risks of use or avoidance during pregnancy,
- risks to fetus,
- role in bipolar disorder,
- serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), . See also serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- sites on transporter for,
- suicidality in adolescent females,
- symptoms persisting after treatment with,
- time course of effects,
- trimonoaminergic modulators (TMMs) and,
- triple-action combo,
- two mechanisms vs. one, ,
- antihistamines,
- sedation by,
- side effects of,
- antipsychotic agents
- as antidepressants,
- atypical,
- administration frequency,
- cardiometabolic risk and,
- cardiometabolic risk management,
- hit-and-run receptor binding properties,
- hypothetical action over time,
- to improve schizophrenia symptoms,
- pharmacological properties,
- and prolactin,
- properties, ,
- and weight gain risk,
- avoiding sedation and enhancing long-term outcome,
- benzodiazepines to lead in or top off,
- best practices for monitoring and managing,
- cardiometabolic risk and, ,
- combining two,
- conventional,
- vs. atypical,
- D2 binding of,
- D2-receptor antagonist,
- hypothetical action over time,
- muscarinic cholinergic blocking properties, ,
- pharmacological properties, ,
- and prolactin,
- risk and benefits of long-term,
- in use,
- as D2 dopamine receptor blockers,
- first-generation,
- high doses,
- links between binding properties and clinical actions,
- low-potency, and dissociation,
- “off-label” uses,
- patient toleration of,
- pharmacokinetics, ,
- pharmacological properties, ,
- prescribing information,
- prophylactic,
- receptor interactions for,
- sedation as short-term tool,
- side effects and compliance,
- switching, ,
- process to avoid,
- from sedating to nonsedating,
- antisocial personality disorder,
- anxiety
- 5HT1A partial agonist actions in,
- amygdala and,
- GABA and, ,
- gabapentin for,
- linking symptoms to circuits,
- memories and,
- noradrenergic hyperactivity in, ,
- blocking,
- pregabalin for,
- reduced,
- serotonin, stress and, ,
- anxiety disorders
- 5HT1A receptors and,
- alpha 2 delta ligands for,
- amygdala and fear neurobiology,
- brain component regulating,
- in children,
- comorbid with fibromyalgia,
- CSTC loops and worry neurobiology,
- diabolical learning hypothesis and,
- drug treatment action at ionotrophic receptors,
- fear conditioning, vs. fear extinction, ,
- fear extinction,
- fluvoxamine for,
- GABA-A allosteric modulatory sites, hypothetical shift in set point,
- GABA and, , ,
- generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),
- pharmacy,
- treatment,
- inability to extinguish maladaptive fear responses,
- linking symptoms to circuits,
- MAO inhibitors for,
- NET inhibition and,
- noradrenergic hyperactivity in,
- blocking,
- obsessive compulsive disorder,
- pharmacy,
- treatment,
- overlap with depression,
- pain linked to, ,
- painful somatic symptoms in,
- panic disorder,
- pharmacy,
- treatment,
- paroxetine for patients with,
- phenotype,
- posttraumatic stress disorder,
- pharmacy,
- treatment,
- preemptive or prophylactic treatments,
- with beta blockers,
- prevalence of,
- quetiapine for,
- serotonin for regulating in amygdala,
- serotonin projections regulation of, ,
- social anxiety disorder,
- pharmacy,
- treatment,
- stress progression to, treatment,
- symptom dimensions, ,
- symptom overlap in subtypes,
- symptom overlap with depression,
- treating insomnia in,
- venlafaxine for,
- anxiolytics
- benzodiazepines as,
- GABA,
- probability of dependence,
- anxious misery,
- anxious mood,
- anxious self-punishment,
- apathetic recovery, ,
- apathetic temperament,
- apathy,
- circuits,
- in depression,
- aphasia,
- apical dendrites, ,
- in pyramidal cell,
- apnea, obstructive sleep,
- symptoms shared with other disorders,
- Apo-E protein, and Alzheimer’s disease, ,
- apoptosis, ,
- from gene expression,
- and necrosis,
- programmed into genome,
- APP. See amyloid precursor protein (APP)
- appetite
- changes in,
- circuits,
- histamine-1 with 5HT2C antagonism,
- reduced,
- appetite suppressants, interaction with MAOIs,
- apprehensive expectations,
- apraxia,
- arborization, of neurons,
- arcuate nucleus,
- aripiprazole, , ,
- actions as mood stabilizer,
- and cardiometabolic risk,
- in combos for bipolar disorder, , ,
- as CYP 2D6 substrate, ,
- and diabetes,
- dosage with carbamazepine,
- pharmacological actions,
- pharmacological icon,
- raising levels of,
- and sedation, ,
- switching from sedating agent to,
- testing for cocaine abuse treatment,
- and weight gain risk,
- armodafinil (Nuvigil), for wakefulness,
- aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAADC), ,
- arousal
- deficient daytime,
- desensitization in prefrontal cortext,
- and dopamine,
- excessive, and ADHD, ,
- mechanisms,
- norepinephrine projections regulation of,
- simultaneous deficient and excessive, in ADHD,
- spectrum of cognitive dysfunction in ADHD
- ADHD treatment,
- deficit arousal,
- excessive arousal,
- arousal combos,
- arousal spectrum, ,
- ascending reticular activating system,
- asenapine,
- Asendin (amoxapine), ,
- asociality, ,
- Asperger’s syndrome,
- assaultiveness,
- astrocytes, and Alzheimer’s disease,
- atherosclerosis, from repetitive autonomic responses,
- atomoxetine, , , ,
- for ADHD, ,
- mechanism of action,
- with stress and comorbidity,
- CYP450 2D6 impact on plasma levels,
- for fibromyalgia,
- for weight loss,
- atorvastatin
- and CYP 450 3A4,
- risk of muscle damage,
- ATPase,
- attention
- in ADHD patients,
- CSTC loop to regulate,
- impaired, in schizophrenia,
- provoking circuits for,
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), , , ,
- adults with,
- vs. children, ,
- prevalence of,
- treatment, ,
- arousal spectrum of cognitive dysfunction
- ADHD treatment,
- deficit arousal,
- excessive arousal,
- atomoxetine for, ,
- mechanism of action,
- brain restructuring and,
- causes,
- and comorbidity, priority for treatment,
- deficit arousal and,
- desensitizing arousal in prefrontal cortext,
- dopamine signals in prefrontal cortext,
- how not to treat,
- impact of development,
- from improper neuronal migration,
- information processing,
- mania vs, ,
- noradrenergic treatment, ,
- atomoxetine,
- norepinephrine signals in prefrontal cortext,
- pharmacy,
- selective attention circuit,
- simultaneous deficient and excessive arousal,
- stimulants for, , ,
- mechanism of action,
- stress
- comorbidities and arousal levels,
- and comorbidity,
- sustained attention circuit,
- symptoms and circuits, ,
- DSM-IV,
- matching,
- symptoms shared with schizophrenia,
- timing of onset,
- tuning cortical pyramidal neurons,
- attention deficit, vs. attention deficit disorder,
- attitudes, hostile,
- atypical antipsychotic agents,
- for ADHD, with stimulants,
- administration frequency,
- in bipolar depression,
- pharmacological actions,
- cardiometabolic risk and,
- cardiometabolic risk management,
- clozapine as,
- vs. conventional,
- hit-and-run receptor binding properties,
- hypothetical action over time,
- for mania, actions,
- for mania and bipolar depression, mechanism of action,
- as mood stabilizers,
- for nonpsychotic mania symptoms,
- properties, ,
- and weight gain risk,
- auditory association cortex,
- auditory hallucinations,
- Aurorix. See moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
- autism, ,
- cognitive symptoms,
- irritability in children with,
- risperidone for irritability,
- autonomic nervous system,
- autoreceptors,
- autosomal dominant pattern, classic,
- AV965,
- Aventyl. See nortriptyline (Pamelor, Endep, Aventyl)
- avoidance,
- avolution, ,
- “awakening”, ,
- axoaxonic synapses, , , ,
- axodendritic synapses, ,
- Axokine,
- axon hillock, ,
- of pyramidal neuron,
- axon terminals. See also presynaptic axon terminals
- alpha 2 receptors on,
- axonal growth cone, ,
- docking,
- axons, , ,
- in basket neurons,
- in double bouquet cells,
- growth of,
- in mature brain,
- myelination of fibers,
- neurotrophins control of growth,
- in pyramidal cell,
- for transport function,
- axosomatic synapses, ,
- Azilect. See rasaligine (Agilect/Azilect)
- Azilect/Agilect (rasaligine),
- for Parkinson’s disease,